He returned to the Philippines in July 1898.
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Upon arriving in Hong Kong, he was given a letter of recommendation to Aguinaldo and a revolver by Felipe Agoncillo. Soon enough, Antonio's case was dismissed by the Military Supreme Court and he was released. His more famous and yet controversial brother, Juan, who had been pardoned by the Spanish Queen Regent Maria Christina of Austria herself, left for Spain to use his influence to intercede for Antonio in August 1897. Months later, José and Juan were freed but Antonio was exiled to Spain in 1897, where he was imprisoned in Madrid's Cárcel Modelo. His statement concerning the revolution was one of the many statements used to abet the laying down of death sentence for José Rizal. Nevertheless, after the existence of the Katipunan was leaked in August 1896, the Luna brothers were arrested and jailed in Fort Santiago for "participating" in the revolution. Besides affecting their property, the proponents of the Reform Movement saw that no revolution would succeed without the necessary preparations. Like other Filipino émigrés involved in the Reform Movement, he was in favor of reform rather than revolution as the way towards independence. He scoffed at the idea and turned down the offer. He then learned of the underground societies that were planning a revolution and was asked to join. He and his brother Juan also opened the Sala de Armas, a fencing club, in Manila. Also, like many of the Filipino liberals in Spain, Luna joined the Masonry where he rose to being Master Mason. He wrote a piece titled Impressions which dealt with Spanish customs and idiosyncrasies under the pen-name "Taga-ilog". In Spain, he became one of the Filipino expatriates who mounted the Propaganda Movement and wrote for La Solidaridad, headed by Galicano Apacible. Furthermore, he learned about swordsmanship, fencing, and military tactics from Don Martin Cartagena, a major from the Spanish Army. He won a contest and earned him the title of chief chemist at the Municipal Laboratory of Manila in 1894. This paper was well-received that he was given a commission by the Spanish to study tropical and communicable diseases, after which he went back to the Philippines. In 1893, he wrote and published a scientific study on malaria entitled On Malarial Pathology ( El Hematozorio del Paludismo).
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He also studied pharmacy at the university, but finished it in Barcelona, Spain, earning his license at the Universidad de Barcelona and a doctorate in pharmacy at the Universidad Central de Madrid in 1890. He studied literature and chemistry at the University of Santo Tomas, where he wrote a scientific paper on malaria entitled Two Fundamental Bodies of Chemistry ( Dos Cuerpos Fundamentales de la Quimica), which won him top prize. In 1881, Luna studied at the Ateneo Municipal de Manila and received a Bachelor of Arts degree. He memorized the Doctrina Christiana, which was first published in 1593 and believed to be the first printed book in the Philippines. When he was six years old, Luna learned basic literacy under the tutelage of Maestro Intong. Luna finished his studies in painting in Escuela de Bellas Artes de San Fernando. After their family moved to Manila in 1861, his father became a merchant in Binondo. His father was a traveling salesman of the government tobacco monopoly, which was formally established in 1782. He was the youngest of seven children of Joaquín Luna from Badoc and Spanish mestiza Laureana Novicio-Ancheta from Luna, La Union (formerly Namacpacan). Luna Bracken on 29 October 1866 in Calle Urbiztondo (renamed Barraca Street), Binondo (now part of San Nicolas), Manila. Besides his military studies, Luna also studied pharmacy, literature and chemistry. He was also a member of the Malolos Congress. His efforts were not without recognition during his time, for he was awarded the Philippine Republic Medal in 1899. This defense line culminated in the creation of a military base in the Cordillera.ĭespite his commitment to discipline the army and serve the Republic which attracted the admiration of people, his temper caused some to abhor him. His three-tier defense, now known as the Luna Defense Line, gave the American troops a hard campaign in the provinces north of Manila.
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A sharpshooter himself, he organized professional guerrilla soldiers later to be known as the "Luna Sharpshooters" and the "Black Guard". He sought to apply his background in military science to the fledgling army.
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Regarded as one of the fiercest generals of his time, he succeeded Artemio Ricarte as Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces of the Philippines. General Antonio Luna (29 October 1866 – 5 June 1899) was a Filipino army general, who fought in the Philippine–American War.